Capacitance substitution principle to share

Capacitor easy problems phenomenon is: leakage, short circuit, break, electric capacity decrescent, internal lead contact is not complete toshiba satellite l305-s5865 laptop cpu fan (pole piece and lead connection), etc. Especially the electrolytic capacitor, the rate is higher than any other species capacitor much higher. Electrolytic capacitor often appear problem phenomenon is leakage, capacity decreases, and breakdown, electrolyte leakage, etc. Capacitor after damage should be with the original model parameters. But capacitor of various kinds, if not the parameter change, should use substitution method. Substitution principle as follows.

1) substitute capacitor nominal value than the original capacitor nominal value is plus or minus 10% floating, the power filter capacitance, bypass capacitors such as its floating FanPu can also be larger. But for some circuit capacitance in substitution must press former nominal value, otherwise will cause circuit the disorder. Such as resonance circuit, time constant circuit capacitor must press former nominal value substitution. Be like again toshiba satellite l305-s5875 laptop cpu fan television apparent put and tube cathode fused capacitor, this capacitance damage to also must be the original nominal value substitution, otherwise it will affect image quality.

2) substitute capacitor rated voltage must be more than or equal to the original capacitor voltage rating, or greater than the actual circuit working voltage.

3) substitute capacitor frequency characteristics must be sufficient actual circuit frequency condition, or with high frequency characteristic capacitor to substitution low frequency characteristic capacitor.

4) mica capacitor, ceramic capacitor can be substitution paper toshiba satellite l355d laptop cpu fan condenser. Ceramic capacitor can be substitution mica capacitor and glass glaze capacitor. Steel electrolytic capacitor can be substitution aluminum electrolytic capacitor.

5) capacitor capacity do not have the appropriate time, can use capacitor in series and parallel get more appropriate electric capacity. If the capacitor pressure value is insufficient, also can use a series methods improve pressure value. For example, circuit should be pressure on 25 v, let value for 500 u f capacitor, hand there is only 1000 u f / 16 v capacitor, can two only 1000 u f / 16 v capacitor series. As shown in figure (a) shows, after series can get pressure 32 v, capacity for 500 u f equivalent capacitor.

Capacitor in parallel as shown in figure (b) after shown, toshiba satellite l355-s7829 laptop cpu fan it can improve the electric capacity, but cannot ascend pressure size, capacitor series, can promote pressure ability, but electric capacity to reduce.







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Little notebook interface have knowledge greatly

Now the notebook computer toshiba satellite a50 s1064 laptop cpu cooling fan jack varied, new product launch, many manufacturers in product claims list wrote: this laptop with USB interface, VGA interface, TV - OUT interface, 1394 interface, etc., let the consumer dazzling, but actually is "have check". Some users use the notebook for years, above to neat arrangement of the interface and slot have nothing. What these interface have a function? What interface is more suitable for young people nowadays use?

Notebook of interface

According to the need to buy

Reporter in the computer store to see, now many mainstream notebook has 8 or more interface, on the computer novice, it is very easy to dizzy vegetables.

The notebook interface is various means that the products main board of integration high, powerful, expansion ability. However,toshiba satellite a50 512 laptop cpu cooling fan the user to buy notebook, also don't blindly covet the so-called powerful, the heaviest if see if suitable for the needs of his daily work.

HDMI interface

Epigenetic notebook with standard

With the development of technology, now many digital products are using USB attachment, as long as the notebook with USB interface, digital products can link to the notebook computer toshiba satellite a50 522 laptop cpu cooling fan, and some traditional old interface to be being washed out gradually, such as serial and parallel ports, because most of the mouse and part of the printer now are using USB interface.

Due to the pursuit of modern video quality is more and more high, hd broadcast has also become numerous notebook standard configuration, but the notebook screen still can not meet the users demand high quality video watching, so more and more users will be notebook computer link to flat TV broadcast hd or full hd video, although the past notebook have TV - OUT interface connection TV, but it transfer speed and transfer rate are far beneath HDMI - a connection line can will hd video and high quality toshiba satellite a50 543 laptop cpu cooling fan audio delivery to the flat TV, realize the user home cinema requirements.

Though it is worth noting that HDMI interface gradually in the notebook computer popularization, not all notebooks are equipped with, so when buying, should ask.

In short, ordinary users in buy laptop, you see how many USB interface, USB interface convenient user number in daily use link all kinds of digital products and IT products. If video on demand is higher, an HDMI interface. In addition, had better have all in one card reader interface.

Finally, don't forget to bluetooth interface, now send files, data, pictures, etc. Mostly is the use of bluetooth, toshiba satellite a660 series laptop cpu cooling fan it is more rapid and convenient than infrared.

Recognizing function buying machine no longer "make careless"

One laptop computer interface number:

In addition to this paper referred to the USB interface, HDMI interface and all in one card reader outside, notebook computer commonly used interface and:

IEEE1394 interface: IEEE1394 is developed by apple serial standard, namely firewire interface, can provide power for peripherals, be able to connect different equipment, support synchronous data transmission.

VGA interface: VGA interface is mainly used for toshiba satellite a665 series laptop cpu cooling fan connecting external display and projector. Now most of the notebook support double screen, often need to do big screen demonstration of business people and teachers, the interface is indispensable and with standard interface.

S - Video output terminal: this port will be me.to display send content to the TV set, you can through the purchase special AV terminal attachment will notebook and television is linked together, and then in the Video card as a necessary setting can use. But the AV output terminal does not support hot plug, when using, should pay attention to.

TV - OUT interface: through this interface, can be the notebook computer toshiba satellite a80 series laptop cpu cooling fan video signal output to shown on TV, in order to expand the area of the image output.

Nic interface: through this kind of interface, the user simply a opened broadband Internet twisted-pair * * * in can achieve broadband Internet access.

Express card slot: it is PCMCIA upgrade version. Action is mainly used to extend the notebook performance.

Infrared interface: use this interface can be easily with other notebook, PDA, mobile phone wireless connection between.

Bluetooth interface: another quite popular wireless interface.toshiba satellite a85 series laptop cpu cooling fan Compared with infrared interface, it is faster, signal covering a wider characteristics.







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Save hard disk ten unique skill

Each user of the hard disk is depositing a lots of useful data, and hard disk is a easy go wrong components. In order to effectively keep the data in the toshiba satellite l675-076 laptop cpu fan hard drive, in addition to effective preservation of the hard disk data, backup job beyond, learn to be in hard disk failure how to life hard disk, or extract the useful data, the loss to the minimum.


1, the system does not recognize hard disk

This kind of failure is common, that is, from hard disk can't start, from A disk boot cannot enter the disk C, use CMOS of automatic monitoring function also is unable to find the existence of the hard disk. This kind of fault are mostly appeared in the connecting cable or IDE mouth port, hard disk itself failure rate is very few, can pass to plug hard disk cable or change the IDE mouth and cable replacement test, but soon found toshiba satellite l655d-12k laptop cpu fan fault is. If the new grafted in hard don't admit that there is a common reason is that the hard disk master-slave line, if hard disk joint in the IDE Lord disc position, the hard disk must jump is given priority to disk, jump line error cannot generally be detection to hard disk.

2, CMOS fault caused by the

CMOS correct or not directly affects the normal use of hard disk, here refers to the type of hard disk. Now that the machines are support "IDE auto detect" function, can automatically detect the type of hard disk. When connecting a new hard disk or replacement of the hard disk will be after through this function to set up the type. Of course, now some types of mainboard can automatically identify the type of hard disk. When hard disk type mistake, sometimes simply can't start system, and sometimes can start, but will happen error, speaking, reading and writing. The hard disk type such as CMOS is less than the actual hard drive capacity, the hard disk behind the sector will be unable to read or write, if it is multiple partitions status is individual partition will be lost. There is another important toshiba satellite l650d-101 laptop cpu fan failure cause, because at present IDE support logic parameter type, hard disk can use Normal, LBA, Large, etc. If the general mode installed the data, and in the CMOS changed to other pattern, will happen the hard disk read and write fault, because its physical geological mapping relationship has changed, will not be able to read the original correct hard disk position.

3 and the Lord direct program causes start-up failure

The Lord of the hard disk boot sector of the hard drive is the most sensitive one components, one of the master boot program is a part of it, the segment of a program, is mainly used to test the correctness of the hard disk partition, and determine the active partition, responsible for the guide right over to the active partition DOS or other operating system. This section program will not damage from the hard disk guide, but from soft area or light area of hard disk after reading. Repair the fault of the methods are simple, use high version of DOS fdisk the most convenient, when band parameter/MBR run time, it will directly replace (rewrite) hard disk master boot program. In fact the Lord of the hard disk boot toshiba satellite l650d-03j laptop cpu fan sector is the program to create, fdisk. Among the exe features a complete hard disk master boot program. Although DOS version constantly updated, but hard disk master boot program there has been no change, from DOS 3. X that there is winDOS 95 DOS, so as long as find a DOS boot disk boot system and run the program can repair. In addition, as kv300 and other tools software also has this function.

4, partition table error guiding start-up failure

Partition table error is hard disk of serious mistakes, the degree of different error can lead to different loss. If there is no active partition mark, then the computer could not be started. But from soft area or light area after the guidance system of hard disk, speaking, reading and writing, but through the fdisk reset active partition for repair. If it is a partition type error, can cause the loss of a partition. Partition table on the fourth bytes for partition type value, normal guidable more than 32 MB of basic DOS partition value for 06, and extended DOS partition value is 05. If the basic DOS partition type to 05 cannot start system, and can't read and write the data. If the 06 to DOS not to know other types such as efh, the DOS think changed zoning not DOS partition, of course, can't, speaking, toshiba satellite l650-0dn laptop cpu fan reading and writing. Many people use this type of value to realize a single partition encryption technology, back into the right type of value can make the partition returned to normal. The partition table and other data used to record partition starting or terminate address. These data will cause damage to the partition of chaos or missing, generally unable to manual recovery, the only way is to use backup partition table data to write back, or from any other of the same type and the same hard disk partition condition get partition table data, otherwise will lead to other data permanent loss. In the master boot sector for operation, can use nu tools such as software, the operation is very convenient, can be directly to the hard disk drive master boot sector for reading and writing or editing. Of course also can use debug to operation, but the operation trival and has certain risk.

5, partition effective mark error caused by the hard disk failure

In the hard disk master boot sector there are still an important part, that is the last two bytes: 55 aah, this word is a useful indicator of the sector. When from the hard drive, floppy or light area which, when activated, will test the two bytes, if present, think it is hard disk exist, or will not admit that hard disk. This symbol from hard disk boot will turn into ROM basic or tip into the floppy disk. From the floppy disk boot can't turn into hard disk. Here can be used to the hard disk encryption technology. Can use toshiba satellite l650-02b laptop cpu fan debug method recovery processing. In addition, the DOS boot sector is still have such marks exist, when the DOS boot sector without guide sign, the system startup will show: "missing are automatically notified". The repair methods can use Lord boot sector repair methods, just address is different, more convenient method is to use the following DOS system general repair methods.

6, DOS guidance system caused by the start-up failure

DOS boot system mainly by the DOS boot sector and DOS system files composition. System files including iosys, msdos. Sys, command.com, including command.com is DOS shell file, usable and other similar documents to replace, but by default is DOS startup the necessary documents. In Windows 95 carry DOS system, msdos. Sys is a text file, is to launch Windows must file. But only start DOS can need not this document. But the DOS boot when something goes wrong, from the floppy disk or CD guidance system, and then use sys c: transfer system can repair failure, including the boot sector and system files can be restored to normal condition.

7, fat table caused by the fault, speaking, reading and writing

Fat table records the hard disk data memory address, each file will have a set of connection of fat chain designated the deposited cluster address. Fat table damage means the loss of the contents of the documents. The good news is DOS system itself provides two fat table, if the current use of fat table is damaged, it can be the second to cover repair. But as a result of different specifications of disk its fat table and the length of the two fat table address is not fixed, so must be correct repair find its correct position, by some tools software such as nu etc itself has such repair function, use is very toshiba satellite l645-s4026 laptop cpu fan convenient. The debug also can realize the operation, namely USES the m ordered the second fat table moved to toshiba satellite l675d laptop cpu fan the first table place can. If the second fat table also damaged, it also can't take hard disk restored to the original state, but the file data still stored in hard disk data area, can use CHKDSK or scandisk command repair, and ultimately the *. CHK files, this is lost fat chain sector data. If it is a text file can be extracted from it and can merge complete file, if it is binary data files, it is hard to recover the full file.

8, list damage caused by the guide fault

List record the document's filename in the hard disk data, of which the most important one is the file starting cluster number, list since there is no automatic backup function, so if directory damage will lose a lot of documents. A kind of reduce the loss method is also used the above CHKDSK or scandisk program method, from the toshiba satellite l645-s4026 laptop cpu fan hard disk, search out CHK file, the list when damage is the first cluster number is missing, in fat for damaged cases by the formation of the CHK file usually relatively complete file data, each CHK file is a complete file, its instead of the original name can restore most file.

9, error when deleted partitions data recovery

When using fdisk deleted after hard disk partition, the surface phenomenon is the hard disk data has completely disappeared, in has not formatted in hard disk will be displayed invalid drive. If know fdisk work principle, will know, fdisk just rewrite the hard disk master boot sector (0 level 0 way 1 sector) the content. To be specific, delete the hard disk partition table information, and hard disk partition of any of the toshiba satellite l645-s4026bn laptop cpu fan data are not change, can imitate the partition table wrong repair methods, i.e., trying to restore partition table data can restore the original partition namely data, but it only in addition to partition or reconstruction after the partition. If have partition with format formatting, earlier recovery after division, in according to the following method restore partitioned data.

10, false to format the hard disk data recovery

In the DOS high version condition, formatting operation format in the default state have established the used to restore format disk information, is actually the disk the DOS boot sector, fat partition table and list all the content to the disk copy last few sector (because the back of the sector rarely used), and the toshiba satellite l640-02v laptop cpu fan contents of the data area did not change. So through the operation "unformat c:" can restore the original file distribution list and list, and then the hard disk information recovery. Another DOS also provides a miror command used to record the current disk information, for formatting or delete the recovery of after use, this method is more effective.



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